Prasa regionalna: kolejna rzecz do załatwienia w dziedzinie mediów
Przypominam sytuację:
http://wpolityce.pl/m/spoleczenstwo/212554-w-rekach-niemieckich-jest-juz-sto-procent-mediow-regionalnych-bez-pieciu-tytulow
Nie ma zgody, by w rękach wroga znajdowało się tak potężne (choć i tak słabsze niż niegdyś) narzędzie nacisku. Wystarczy, mam nadzieję, skopiowanie w tej dziedzinie prawodawstwa naszych przyjaciół zza Odry. W końcu należy się uczyć od sąsiadów, prawda?
http://wpolityce.pl/m/spoleczenstwo/212554-w-rekach-niemieckich-jest-juz-sto-procent-mediow-regionalnych-bez-pieciu-tytulow
Nie ma zgody, by w rękach wroga znajdowało się tak potężne (choć i tak słabsze niż niegdyś) narzędzie nacisku. Wystarczy, mam nadzieję, skopiowanie w tej dziedzinie prawodawstwa naszych przyjaciół zza Odry. W końcu należy się uczyć od sąsiadów, prawda?
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Tak na marginesie repolonizacji.
Prusactwo ma jedną znamienną i godną podziwu cechę: wyjątkową konsekwencję i determinację w dążeniu do ściśle zaplanowanego celu. A jaki to jest cel, to chyba nie muszę Kuleżeństwu tłumaczyć. Mniej więcej taki sam od ponad 700 lat i czasów zakładania Państwa Zakonu NMP Domu Niemieckiego w Jerozolimie na terenach pogańskich Prusów oraz Państwa Zakonu Kawalerów Mieczowych na terenach Inflant
http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/mcewen07.htm
"Media regulation rests with various state governments in Germany (Lander) as called for by their constitution. However, there has been a great deal of work done in harmonizing their ownership and diversity regulations to create a national policy. The latest update of their consensus and regulatory agreement (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag) was completed in 2005. It is important to note that The German Cartel Office (BKA) and The Commission on Concentration in the Media Industry (KEK) regulate competition in the media environment.
Ownership of Television and Radio: The rules provide for intervention if a company’s media holdings (including newspapers) comprise more than 30% of a viewer share in a year. This is considered a predominate impact on public opinion. For television, exclusively that share is set at 25% of viewers in a given year for a dominate position. There is a system of assessment that provides percentage allowances for regional programming, independently produced programming, and shares of a company’s ownership reducing the impact of the aforementioned percentage thresholds. It is a somewhat complicated system that critics have observed is not easy to use or operate in the public interest.
For radio, there are no aggregate ownership levels for national or regional services.
Newspaper Ownership: No specifics apply beyond the normal Competition rules as noted and administered by the BKA.
Cross Ownership: There are no specific restrictions on cross ownership between radio and television beyond the principle of predominate impact as defined above. It is a bit confusing to understand and the following description by the international legal firm of Bird and Bird is useful:
"If an entity, that intends to acquire a broadcaster, has a dominant position in a media-relevant and related market (which might be the newspaper market or other media-related markets), or if an overall assessment of that entity's activities in the broadcasting and media-related markets suggests that influence is exercised which is equivalent to the predominant impact on public opinion of a broadcaster with viewer levels of 30%, the threshold for the assumption of a predominant impact on public opinion with respect to the TV-market is lowered to a viewer share of 25%.
E.g. a newspaper owner with a predominant market position in the newspaper or other media-related market may only control TV entities with a viewer share below 25%”
There are a number of commentators who argue these rules are not only difficult to use, but have not prevented issues of media concentration. This includes the failed Kirsch conglomerate and the Bertelsmann group from acquiring a dominant commercial position in German media. This criticism assumes they are a problem for German media pluralism and thus far, the authorities have not taken action to address any perceived problem.
Foreign Ownership: No restrictions.
Restrictions on Political Parties and Organizations: These groups are excluded from holding a broadcasting license.
Market Situation for Television, Radio, and Newspapers:
Television
Public broadcasters play a large role in the German media landscape. They are organized by the Lander and receive national distribution based on Lander agreements. Two Channels of ARD and one of ZDF combine to give the public broadcaster almost 50% of the market share. Bertelsmann’s RTL group along with the successor to Kirsch, Sat 1, Pro 7, and Kabel 1 define the commercial market and control about 35% of the market. These companies also have regional stations and over the past years, there has been some growth of independent stations in major metropolitan areas.
It is interesting to note that most viewing to these FTA channels are through cable and satellite delivery with over the air viewing between 5 and 10%. These services also carry the full range of subscription TV including a number of US based theme channels.
Digital television has had a slow take up by commercial broadcasters but the public broadcasters have an additional six channels and more to come. The digital environment is likely to see commercial development because of the increasing viewer take up rate and analogue shut down date on the horizon.
Radio
Radio is regulated by the Lander Media Authorities and they license on principles of plurality and diversity. Depending on the Lander, these goals are met by ensuring external plurality of the licensee or by licensing a limited amount of stakeholder owned stations (internal plurality). There is only one national radio network, which is public and is a holdover from the divided Germany Deutschlandradio and the international service Deutsche Welle. Radio in Germany is fragmented and scattered reflecting the lack of national opportunities.
Newspapers
There is a thriving print media service in Germany with daily circulation more than 21 million with three quarters of that coming from local press. There is considerable diversity in ownership with 138 different newspaper publishers controlling 359 daily newspapers many with local/regional variations. The Springer group controls about 25% of the market but after them, the percentage share of the market does not seem to rise to more than 5%. There is very little cross ownership with radio or TV, although the newspapers along with their counterparts’ in the UK and France have a large presence on the Internet.
It is probably fair to comment that much of the German media landscape is rooted in their constitution after the Second World War, which imposed certain conditions that make national commercial services difficult to manage. It has also been less than two decades since the two Germanys were consolidated into one entity and the focus of their attention has been on those issues. It has been said that Germany is slightly out of step with the EU direction on plurality but with changes made two years ago to their ownership and concentration regulations this may have changed"
Tak wprost to nie mogo pewnie, bo swoboda przepływu kapitału w UE itp., ale poprzez odpowiednie ustawodastwo antytrustowe i aktywną politykę polityków (edyta: hyhy, teraz zauważyłem :P) i służb w tej materii osiągają take własnie wynik.